Specifically, this paper explores USAIDs agri- business programme that assisted the TCC with starting commercial production of the nutritional superfruit pomegranate. Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn try to predict the impact of climate change on farms output and revenue in 11 African countries. Which of these two models most closely predicts future conditions is currently unknown. Seo and Mendelsohn also explored crop choice and its relationship to climate change, focusing on South American farms. As in Africa, crop choice in South America generally had an identifiable, significant relationship with temper- ature and precipitation. The one exception to this was maize, a crop with many. Seo and Mendelsohn did not predict the economic impact of not crop switching, but instead assumed that farmersmaking a rational economic decisionwould switch. Huda et al. were primarily concerned with the possible mismatch between crop phenol- ogy and water availability caused by climate change.

Without an understanding of phenology, crop adaptation proves difficult as crops with certain phenologies only thrive in specific ecosystems. Farmers can only combat climate change by employing crop switching if there are no barriers to the adoption of appropriate crops Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn , p. Seo and Mendelsohn echoed this warning, specifically mentioning that farmers may not be able to crop switch if the adjust- ment requires a heavy capital investment p. Lobell et al. In addition to potential financial constraints, the measures advocated by Huda et al.

These financial and technical constraints only exacerbate the collective action problem, which is particularly acute when resources are scarce. In a society with limited inputs, the participation of many actors a group effort is often necessary in order to secure opportunities or goods that enhance the collective benefit. As Olson details, large groups are particularly prone towards free-ridership, since members of the group believe their non-participation will be overlooked. This tendency is especially detrimental to projects in developing countries; the constrained resources of individual members in these countries often require that collective goods be provided through larger-sized groups with high levels of participation. How can developing countries, particularly post-conflict societies like Cyprus, solve these challenges? Gokcekus et al. In their study of Turkish Cypriot beekeepers, Gokcekus et al. found that the beekeepers needed EU financial and technical assistance to overcome their collective action problem, meet the EUs health standards for commercial honey, and initiate trade across the Green Line.

The EU provided the initial impetus for change; once the Turkish Cypriots beekeepers understood the standard requirements for trade and had the financial resources to meet these standards, they were able to collectivize and increase their level of economic development. In other words, although the process of updating their beekeeping practices to meet EU standards was instigated by the EU, Turkish Cypriot beekeepers accepted local ownership of the remainder of the development process. Gokcekus As Donais notes, local ownership is relatively rare in post-conflict development initiatives, since the external actors tend to reserve most key decision-making authority p.

Perhaps the interaction between the beekeepers and the EU can best be described as an example of what Donais terms sustainable peacebuilding p. Sustainable peacebuilding requires negotiated hybridity between both insiders and outsiders in which the division of responsibilities between outsider and insider is constantly calibrated and adjusted as a means to advancing the peace process p. Like the case of the beekeepers, the decision of Turkish Cypriot farmers to commence pomegranate production is likely another example of sustainable peacebuilding. The case of pomegranate production in north Cyprus can be approached from several perspectives. This paper concentrates on intersection of two of those: 1 the adoption of pomegranates as a form of crop switching and 2 the adoption of pomegranates as a result of overcoming a collective action problem through sustainable peacebuilding.

By promoting local ownership and sharing responsibil- ity, an external actor helped the TCC surpass the capital and technical barriers that had previously prevented the implementation of a climate change solution. In an attempt to rectify this issue, north Cyprus agreed to the construction of an underwater freshwater pipeline connected to Turkey. Referred to as Bars Su Peace Water , this pipeline was expected to be completed sometime in ; however, it was slightly behind schedule and just over halfway completed in October of that year Gies ; Sands In addition to political concerns over heightening north Cyprus reliance on Turkey, there are also worries that the pipeline will only increase demand Gies Water shortages have been particularly challenging for the agricultural sector.

Citrus fruits, Cyprus third most lucrative agricultural export, place considerable stress upon Cyprus limited water resources; they originated in the tropics and have the greatest water consumption of Cyprus irrigated crops Sofroniou and Bishop ; Dworak and Berglund With Cyprus continuing water limitations, relying on water-intensive crops like citrus fruits to drive the economy is not a sustainable development strategy. The TCCs adoption of pomegranate farming was a response to climate change. Cyprus competitive edge in the citrus market had been undermined by countries that do not share its climate constraints; farmers needed to implement crop switching to alleviate the growing expense and inefficiency of citrus production. By supporting the commercial pomegranate venture with financial and technical resources, an external actor helped the Turkish Cypriot realize crop switching and.

We argue that the Turkish Cypriot farmers, like the Turkish Cypriot beekeepers studied by Gokcekus et al. The individual farmers did not have the resource capacity to transition to an alternative crop. They lacked the necessary training and technical background to implement a successful crop-switching programme, and they also faced financial constraints. Furthermore, their resource challenges made collectivization unlikely as both technical and financial leadership were absent. Once the collective action problem was overcome, we attribute the success of the pomegranate programme to its incorporation of sustainable peacebuilding Donais An external actor provided technical knowledge and the initial investment funds, but Turkish Cypriot farmers quickly accepted local ownership of pomegranate farming.

With external assistance, the domestic actor was able to solve the collective action problem. Managing Cyprus political divisions has required delicate manoeuvring by the EU. Until , the EU was actually unable to set up a delegation in the Turkish-controlled half. Instead, it had to establish a headquarters-based task force in the south with a local programme support office in the northern part of Cyprus Nielsen With this in mind, the EUs relatively behind-the-scenes involvement in the pomegranate initiative is under- standable. Through its Economic Development and Growth for Enterprises EDGE programme, USAID was actually the main actor facilitating the adoption of pome- granate farming. The EUs involvement was mostly restricted to providing funding through grants.

Under EDGE, the multinational consultancy firm BearingPoint was awarded a six million dollar contract to assist the TCC with economic development. In the completion of this contract, BearingPoint released certain online reportsinclud- ing a page final reportdetailing the development of alternative crop programmes in north Cyprus. According to the EDGE reports, the US Govern- ments primary policy objective in Cyprus was fostering a durable settlement between the divided Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities EDGE b, p.

To facilitate this settlement, EDGE was commissioned to improve banking prac- tices, to strengthen business associations and services, and to provide firm-level assistance to promote enterprise competitiveness EDGE a, p. The programme was redefined to focus on sector-level initiatives after firm-level efforts failed to have a substantive impact on improving north Cyprus competitiveness EDGE a, p. Within the agricultural sector, EDGE focused on five. Gokcekus alternative crop programmes: pomegranates, capers, cactus fruit, salicornia, and passion fruit. The pomegranate programme, initiated in , was the first of these to be implemented. In fact, pomegranates trees require approxi- mately the same amount of water as citrus trees Sheets et al. What makes pomegranates a viable solution for Cyprus climate limitations is their ability to endure greater water salination than citrus trees EDGE a, p. Pomegranates trees are hardier than citrus and can better process salt-contaminated water.

As an island in a frequent state of drought, Cyprus freshwater resources are limited. Additionally, Cyprus has contaminated much of its available groundwater through over-extraction. As groundwater has been over pumped, freshwater aquifers have become salinated Anastasi , p. EDGE reports specifically acknowledged the salination of the ground water, as a contributing factor in Cyprus declining citrus market competitiveness EDGE b, p. Guzelyurt its Greek name is Morphou , a region in north Cyprus, had been particularly affected by the increased salinity levels of the groundwater as it had significant citrus orchards.

EDGE officials subsequently concentrated their initial pomegranate ventures in this region. To further heighten the resource gains of the crop switch, the pomegranate varieties chosen by EDGEs commissioned experts were ones that flourished in drier climates and required fewer water resources. EDGE invited Agro Consultant and Agricultural Engineer Shlomy Raziel to provide expertise on the pomegranate programme. After analysing Cyprus climate constraints, Raziel suggested that the phenology of the Wonderful variety might be best suited to the project as it had proved successful in similarly dry climates, such as Israel EDGE b, p. We offer authors the option to publish open access books and chapters in a wide range of areas within science, technology and medicine STM and within the humanities and social sciences HSS.

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Finnegan and Omer Gokcekus Abstract Climate change is a growing issue for developing countries, as they typically lack the technical and financial inputs to implement the necessary agri- cultural adaptations. These countries also suffer from the classic collective action problem; although they are able to identify the issue and a potential solution, their individual resources are not substantial enough to enact change. This article dis- cusses north Cyprus adoption of pomegranate production and its relationship to climate-related agricultural concerns. We argue that the Turkish Cypriot com- munity would not have been able to start an effective pomegranate agribusiness without third-party financial and technical assistance. As a post-conflict developing community, they lacked the resources necessary to collectivize on their own and initiate crop switching.

Thus, Turkish Cypriot farmers needed external resources in order to launch a sustainable development project. The programme was a successful example of sustainable peacebuilding as it required local ownership. Although there was some awareness of the need to adapt ones lifestyle to be more environmentally friendly, the problem lacked urgency and was perceived as an issue that the coming generation would tackle. Now it seems to be an inescapable reality. Developed countries with abundant resources, like the USA, have been able to implement certain adaptations to mitigate some of the adverse effects of climate change.

How have other less affluent countries adapted? Finnegan O. Vastola ed. Finnegan and O. Gokcekus As what Gokcekus and Bengyak discuss in regard to corruption, climate change has the most severe ill effects on those members of society or the world that are least capable of preparing themselves for its impact. Often still largely agriculturally based, the economies of many developing countries are especially vulnerable to environmental changes. Limited financial resources create a collec- tive action problem; while the individual members of a developing society may know that the adaptation or modification of existing processes can help combat climate-related issues, they lack the resourcestechnical and financialto adopt these changes. The problem of adaptation is particularly acute in post-conflict regions that have been isolated from beneficial economic relationships, such as north Cyprus.

North Cyprus has been a de facto separate country since Cyprus was partitioned by the Green Linea UN buffer zonein due to conflict between Cypriots of Greek ancestry and those of Turkish BBC Under the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus, Greek Cypriots were able to interface with the EU and the greater international community. North Cyprus was isolated, and its economic development has lagged behind that of the Republic of Cyprus. This paper will explore how intervention by a third party helped the Turkish Cypriot community TCC adapt its agricultural industry to the constraints of climate change and simultaneously overcome its collective action problem. Specifically, this paper explores USAIDs agri- business programme that assisted the TCC with starting commercial production of the nutritional superfruit pomegranate.

Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn try to predict the impact of climate change on farms output and revenue in 11 African countries. Which of these two models most closely predicts future conditions is currently unknown. Seo and Mendelsohn also explored crop choice and its relationship to climate change, focusing on South American farms. As in Africa, crop choice in South America generally had an identifiable, significant relationship with temper- ature and precipitation. The one exception to this was maize, a crop with many. Seo and Mendelsohn did not predict the economic impact of not crop switching, but instead assumed that farmersmaking a rational economic decisionwould switch. Huda et al. were primarily concerned with the possible mismatch between crop phenol- ogy and water availability caused by climate change.

Without an understanding of phenology, crop adaptation proves difficult as crops with certain phenologies only thrive in specific ecosystems. Farmers can only combat climate change by employing crop switching if there are no barriers to the adoption of appropriate crops Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn , p. Seo and Mendelsohn echoed this warning, specifically mentioning that farmers may not be able to crop switch if the adjust- ment requires a heavy capital investment p. Lobell et al. In addition to potential financial constraints, the measures advocated by Huda et al. These financial and technical constraints only exacerbate the collective action problem, which is particularly acute when resources are scarce.

In a society with limited inputs, the participation of many actors a group effort is often necessary in order to secure opportunities or goods that enhance the collective benefit. As Olson details, large groups are particularly prone towards free-ridership, since members of the group believe their non-participation will be overlooked. This tendency is especially detrimental to projects in developing countries; the constrained resources of individual members in these countries often require that collective goods be provided through larger-sized groups with high levels of participation. How can developing countries, particularly post-conflict societies like Cyprus, solve these challenges?

Gokcekus et al. In their study of Turkish Cypriot beekeepers, Gokcekus et al. found that the beekeepers needed EU financial and technical assistance to overcome their collective action problem, meet the EUs health standards for commercial honey, and initiate trade across the Green Line. The EU provided the initial impetus for change; once the Turkish Cypriots beekeepers understood the standard requirements for trade and had the financial resources to meet these standards, they were able to collectivize and increase their level of economic development. In other words, although the process of updating their beekeeping practices to meet EU standards was instigated by the EU, Turkish Cypriot beekeepers accepted local ownership of the remainder of the development process. Gokcekus As Donais notes, local ownership is relatively rare in post-conflict development initiatives, since the external actors tend to reserve most key decision-making authority p.

Perhaps the interaction between the beekeepers and the EU can best be described as an example of what Donais terms sustainable peacebuilding p. Sustainable peacebuilding requires negotiated hybridity between both insiders and outsiders in which the division of responsibilities between outsider and insider is constantly calibrated and adjusted as a means to advancing the peace process p. Like the case of the beekeepers, the decision of Turkish Cypriot farmers to commence pomegranate production is likely another example of sustainable peacebuilding.

The case of pomegranate production in north Cyprus can be approached from several perspectives. This paper concentrates on intersection of two of those: 1 the adoption of pomegranates as a form of crop switching and 2 the adoption of pomegranates as a result of overcoming a collective action problem through sustainable peacebuilding. By promoting local ownership and sharing responsibil- ity, an external actor helped the TCC surpass the capital and technical barriers that had previously prevented the implementation of a climate change solution. In an attempt to rectify this issue, north Cyprus agreed to the construction of an underwater freshwater pipeline connected to Turkey.

Referred to as Bars Su Peace Water , this pipeline was expected to be completed sometime in ; however, it was slightly behind schedule and just over halfway completed in October of that year Gies ; Sands In addition to political concerns over heightening north Cyprus reliance on Turkey, there are also worries that the pipeline will only increase demand Gies Water shortages have been particularly challenging for the agricultural sector. Citrus fruits, Cyprus third most lucrative agricultural export, place considerable stress upon Cyprus limited water resources; they originated in the tropics and have the greatest water consumption of Cyprus irrigated crops Sofroniou and Bishop ; Dworak and Berglund With Cyprus continuing water limitations, relying on water-intensive crops like citrus fruits to drive the economy is not a sustainable development strategy.

The TCCs adoption of pomegranate farming was a response to climate change. Cyprus competitive edge in the citrus market had been undermined by countries that do not share its climate constraints; farmers needed to implement crop switching to alleviate the growing expense and inefficiency of citrus production. By supporting the commercial pomegranate venture with financial and technical resources, an external actor helped the Turkish Cypriot realize crop switching and. We argue that the Turkish Cypriot farmers, like the Turkish Cypriot beekeepers studied by Gokcekus et al. The individual farmers did not have the resource capacity to transition to an alternative crop. They lacked the necessary training and technical background to implement a successful crop-switching programme, and they also faced financial constraints.

Furthermore, their resource challenges made collectivization unlikely as both technical and financial leadership were absent. Once the collective action problem was overcome, we attribute the success of the pomegranate programme to its incorporation of sustainable peacebuilding Donais An external actor provided technical knowledge and the initial investment funds, but Turkish Cypriot farmers quickly accepted local ownership of pomegranate farming. With external assistance, the domestic actor was able to solve the collective action problem.

Managing Cyprus political divisions has required delicate manoeuvring by the EU. Until , the EU was actually unable to set up a delegation in the Turkish-controlled half. Instead, it had to establish a headquarters-based task force in the south with a local programme support office in the northern part of Cyprus Nielsen With this in mind, the EUs relatively behind-the-scenes involvement in the pomegranate initiative is under- standable. Through its Economic Development and Growth for Enterprises EDGE programme, USAID was actually the main actor facilitating the adoption of pome- granate farming. The EUs involvement was mostly restricted to providing funding through grants. Under EDGE, the multinational consultancy firm BearingPoint was awarded a six million dollar contract to assist the TCC with economic development.

In the completion of this contract, BearingPoint released certain online reportsinclud- ing a page final reportdetailing the development of alternative crop programmes in north Cyprus. According to the EDGE reports, the US Govern- ments primary policy objective in Cyprus was fostering a durable settlement between the divided Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities EDGE b, p. To facilitate this settlement, EDGE was commissioned to improve banking prac- tices, to strengthen business associations and services, and to provide firm-level assistance to promote enterprise competitiveness EDGE a, p. The programme was redefined to focus on sector-level initiatives after firm-level efforts failed to have a substantive impact on improving north Cyprus competitiveness EDGE a, p.

Within the agricultural sector, EDGE focused on five. Gokcekus alternative crop programmes: pomegranates, capers, cactus fruit, salicornia, and passion fruit. The pomegranate programme, initiated in , was the first of these to be implemented. In fact, pomegranates trees require approxi- mately the same amount of water as citrus trees Sheets et al. What makes pomegranates a viable solution for Cyprus climate limitations is their ability to endure greater water salination than citrus trees EDGE a, p. Pomegranates trees are hardier than citrus and can better process salt-contaminated water. As an island in a frequent state of drought, Cyprus freshwater resources are limited. Additionally, Cyprus has contaminated much of its available groundwater through over-extraction. As groundwater has been over pumped, freshwater aquifers have become salinated Anastasi , p.

EDGE reports specifically acknowledged the salination of the ground water, as a contributing factor in Cyprus declining citrus market competitiveness EDGE b, p. Guzelyurt its Greek name is Morphou , a region in north Cyprus, had been particularly affected by the increased salinity levels of the groundwater as it had significant citrus orchards. EDGE officials subsequently concentrated their initial pomegranate ventures in this region. To further heighten the resource gains of the crop switch, the pomegranate varieties chosen by EDGEs commissioned experts were ones that flourished in drier climates and required fewer water resources. EDGE invited Agro Consultant and Agricultural Engineer Shlomy Raziel to provide expertise on the pomegranate programme. After analysing Cyprus climate constraints, Raziel suggested that the phenology of the Wonderful variety might be best suited to the project as it had proved successful in similarly dry climates, such as Israel EDGE b, p.

Two other pomegranate varietiesthe Herskovitz and the Acco that were both developed for Israels climatewere also selected to be planted along with the Wonderful variety. EDGE reports cited pomegranates consistent[cy] with the TCCs climate, topography and marketing [emphasis added] potential as the reason they were selected to be the alternative crop initiatives prototype EDGE a, p. As discussed, pomegranates had climate and environmental advantages over citrus fruits. However, the programmes ultimate success was also attributable to the market advantages of switching.

Reginald Taylor Download HTML Embed Please Login To download this PDF Document. Water Usanmaz S Current situation and future of pomegranate production in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. html FreshFruitPortal Pomegranate culture lacking in Europe, says Cypriot grower. Motivated by EDGE, the producers were able to capitalize on their training and expand into exporting. Back to top.

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